Studiu etimologic


Aceasta este prefața unui studiu realizat în 2010.
Este scris în engleză, pentru că se dorește a fi, printre altele, un ajutor pentru vorbitorii de limbă engleză care studiază româna. Studiul urmărește asemănarea, uneori remarcabilă, dintre cuvinte englezești cu diverse origini și cuvinte românești din vocabularul moștenit din latină.
Am exclus neologismele românești; în cazul lor, faptul că pot fi asemănătoare cuvintelor din engleză sau orice altă limbă mi se pare nesurprinzător (v. și exemplele de mai jos: engl. contract - rom. contract; engl. computer - rom. computer).
Sunt analizate peste 500 de cuvinte englezești. Curiozitatea m-a făcut să trec în revistă întregul meu dicționar explicativ englez (Heritage Dictionary, 2001), cu peste 70 000 de cuvinte :)
Am trimis acest material câtorva universități din Anglia în care se studiază limba română, cerând părerea șefilor de catedră. Mi-a răspuns un singur profesor din Exeter, care a apreciat materialul, însă nu am reușit încă să găsesc o utilitate reală studiului și nici să-l public.



Abreviații:
AS. = Anglo-Saxon, Old English
PIE = Proto-Indo-European
Lat. = Latin

Introduction


This Dictionary comprises over 500 English words, many of them widely used in day to day language, which are more or less similar in form and meaning to Romanian words, also sharing a common origin with them.

Examples include:

English word
Romanian word
Meaning of
Romanian word
 Etymology
bland
blând
gentle
Lat. blandus
impinge
împinge
to push
Lat. impingere
mind
minte
mind, intellect
AS. gemynd; Lat. mens, ment-

(I highlighted the similarities in form by typing some of the letters in red – particularly, those letters that form the root of the words, or those that best illustrate the alikeness)

A parallel between two languages belonging to different families, as Romanian and English are, may not seem a proper task for a typical linguistic study, although both languages share a common Indo-European ancestry. This Dictionary is indented to be a brief manual for students in the Romanian language and its main purpose is to facilitate the learning of Romanian words by understanding their etymology and comparing them to their English cognates.

All the Romanian words included in this dictionary belong to the vocabulary directly inherited from Latin – that is, they are the actual Latin words as they have survived throughout many centuries in modern Romanian. I have not taken into consideration the neologisms – borrowings from French, Italian, etc. made by Romanian scholars since the 19th century in order to enrich and modernise the Romanian language.

Of course, there are many Romanian neologisms that resemble English words (e.g. Rom. contractE. contract) or that are even borrowed from English (Rom. computer < E. computer), but they are not present among the entries.
The reason why Romanian neologisms are not included in this Dictionary lies in one of the aims of this work, which is to bring forward the deep connections between the original Latin word stock of Romanian, and Modern English, however improbable these connections might seem at a first glance.

This Dictionary can be a useful tool for students in the Romanian language (and in other Romance languages as well) because by studying the etymology of words they can be better memorised, their meaning can be better understood, and they can be faster included into the active vocabulary.


The English words in this dictionary may have one of these etymologies:

(1) They are borrowed from Latin (e.g. E. wine < AS win, an early borrowing from Lat. vinum > Rom. vin, wine);

(2) They are borrowed from a Romance language (especially French), and can ultimately be traced to Latin (e.g. E. chemise < F. chemise < Lat. camisia > Rom. cămaşă, shirt);

(3) They belong to the Germanic word stock and, as the Germanic languages belong to the same Indo-European family with Latin, resemblances are still evident (e.g. E. three < AS. thrī; and Rom. trei < Lat. tres; both AS. and Lat. forms originating in PIE *trejes).


Some pairs of words are straightforwardly resembling in form and meaning:

English word
Romanian word
Meaning of
Romanian word
 Etymology
margin
margine
edge
Lat. margo, margin-
mute
mut
mute
Lat. mutus
rancid
rânced
rancid
Lat. rancidus
remain
rămâne
to remain
Lat. remanere
stay
sta
to stay, stand
Lat. stare


Some are similar in form but more or less different in meaning:

English word
Romanian word
Meaning of
Romanian word
 Etymology
infringe
înfrânge
to defeat
Lat. infringere
monument
mormânt
grave (of burial)
Lat. monumentum


or vice versa (although still sharing the same etymology):

English word
Romanian word
Meaning of
Romanian word
 Etymology
tile
ţiglă
tile
Lat. tegula
mill
moară
mill, grinder
Lat. molina, mola


Some of the Romanian words are only related to derivatives:

English word
Romanian word
Meaning of
Romanian word
 Etymology
pectoral
piept
chest, breast
Lat. pectus
intercostal
coastă
rib
Lat. costa
penumbra
umbră
shadow
Lat. umbra


One may also notice some rules of Latin evolution into Romanian:

Rhotacism (Là R)
English word
Romanian word
Meaning of
Romanian word
 Etymology
pale (stake)
par
stake, post, club, bat
Lat. palus
people
popor
people, nation
Lat. populus

Rhotacism again (N à R)
English word
Romanian word
Meaning of
Romanian word
 Etymology
monument
mormânt
grave (of burial)
Lat. monumentum
fenestration
fereastră
window
Lat. fenestra

CT à PT
English word
Romanian word
Meaning of
Romanian word
 Etymology
fact
faptă
deed
Lat. factum
octo-
opt
eight
Lat. octo

QU à P
English word
Romanian word
Meaning of
Romanian word
 Etymology
aqua
apă
water
Lat. aqua

GN à MN
English word
Romanian word
Meaning of
Romanian word
 Etymology
lignite
lemn
wood
Lat. lignum
sign
semn
sign
Lat. signum

DE-, DI- à ZE-, ZI-
English word
Romanian word
Meaning of
Romanian word
 Etymology
day
zi
day
AS. dœg; Lat. dies
decimal
zece
ten
Lat. decimal; decem

-A à
English word
Romanian word
Meaning of
Romanian word
 Etymology
fugue
fugă
run
Lat. fuga
coda (music)
coadă
tail
Lat. coda

-O- à -OA-

English word
Romanian word
Meaning of
Romanian word
 Etymology
mill
moa
mill, grinder
Lat. molina, mola
port (opening, hole)
poartă
gate
Lat. porta

Many Romanian nouns derive from the Accusative forms of their Latin counterparts:

English word
Romanian word
Meaning of
Romanian word
 Etymology
flower
floare
flower
Lat.  florem, Acc. of flos
mental
minte
mind, intellect
Lat. mentem, Acc. of mens


Bibliography

(1) The American Heritage Dictionary, Fourth Edition, published by Bell Publishing, New York, USA, 2001 – for the selection of the entries, out of over 70,000 of them, and for their Latin etymology;

(2) Douglas Harper’s Online Etymology Dictionary, at http://www.etymonline.com – for several Latin, Anglo-Saxon, and reconstructed Proto-Indo-European words.


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